Three overlapping ideas
- Organic — no synthetic pesticides, herbicides or fertilisers; certified by bodies like the EU organic scheme.
- Biodynamic — organic plus a holistic philosophy (Rudolf Steiner): special composts/preparations and a lunar/cosmic calendar; certified by Demeter.
- Sustainable — a broader, often less strict framework balancing environmental, social and economic health (water, energy, biodiversity).
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Farming, not the wine
These mostly describe how the grapes are grown. 'Natural wine' is a separate, loosely-defined idea about minimal intervention in the cellar (e.g. little/no added sulphur).